California Air Resources Board

Selected References: Children's School Bus Exposure and Mitigation Studies

1. Adar, S.D., D’Souza, J.D., Sheppard, L., Kaufman, J.D., Hallstrand, T.S., Davey, M.E., Sullivan, J.R., Jahnke, J., Koenig, J., Larson, T.V., Liu L-J.S., 2015. Adopting Clean Fuels and Technologies on School Buses: Pollution and Health Impacts in Children. Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 191, issue 12, 1413-1421.  
2. Austin, W., Geutel G, Kreisman D. 2019. School bus emissions, student health and academic performance. Economics of Education Review. 70, 109-126.
3. Behrentz, E., Fitz, D.R., Pankratz, D.V., Sabin, L.D., Colome, S.D., Fruin, S.A., Winer, A.M., 2004. Measuring self-pollution in school buses using a tracer gas technique. Atmos. Environ. 38, 3735-3746.
4. Fitz, D.R., Winer A., 2006. Evaluation of mechanisms of exhaust intrusion into school buses and feasible mitigation measures. Final report to the California Air Resources Board, contract no. 03-343.
5. Guevara-Luna, M.A., Guevara Luna, F.A., Belalcazar, L.C., 2019. CFD Modeling and Validation of Tracer Gas Dispersion to Evaluate Self-Pollution in School Buses. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment. 13(1), 1-10.
6. Ireson, R.G., Ondov, J.M., Zielinska, B., Weaver, C.S., Easter, M.D., Lawson, D.R., Hesterberg, T.W., Davey, M.E., Liu, L.J.S., 2011.  Measuring in-cabin school bus tailpipe and crankcase PM2.5: a new dual tracer method. J. Air & Waste Management Assoc. 61, 494-503.
7. Lee, E.S., Fung, C-C.D., Zhu, Y., 2015. Evaluation of a High Efficiency Cabin Air (HECA) Filtration System for Reducing Particulate Pollutants Inside School Buses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 3358-3365.
8. Li, F., Lee, E.S., Liu, J., Zhu, Y., 2015.  Predicting self-pollution inside school buses using a CFD and multi-zone coupled model. Atmos. Environ. 107, 16-23.
9. Liu, L-J.S., Phuleria H.C., Webber, W., Davey, M., Lawson, D.R., Ireson, R.G., Zielinska, B., Ondov, J.M., Weaver, C.S., Lapin, C.A., Easter, M., Hesterberg, T.W., Larson, T., 2010.  Quantification of self pollution from two diesel school buses using three independent methods.  Atmos. Environ., 44, 3422-3431.   
10. Marshall, J.D., Behrentz, E., 2005. Vehicle Self-Pollution Intake Fraction: Children’s Exposure to School Bus Emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2559-2563.
11. Rim, D., Siegel, J., Spinhirne, J., Webb, A., McDonald-Buller, E., 2008. Characteristics of cabin air quality in school buses in Central Texas. Atmos. Environ. 42, 6453-6464.
12. Sabin, L.D., Behrentz E., Winer, A.M., Jeong, S., Fitz D.R., Pankratz, D.V., Colome, S.D., Fruin, S.A., 2005a. Characterizing the range of children’s air pollutant exposure during school bus commutes. J. Expos. Anal. and Environ. Epidem. 15:377-387.
13. Sabin, L.D., Kozawa, K., Behrentz, E., Winer, A.M., Fitz, D.R., Pankratz, D.V., Colome, S.D., Fruin, S.A., 2005.  Analysis of real-time variables affecting children's exposure to diesel-related pollutants during school bus commutes in Los Angeles. Atmos. Environ. 39, 5243-5254.
14. Trenbath, K., Hannigan, M.P., Milford, J.B., 2009. Evaluation of retrofit crankcase ventilation controls and diesel oxidation catalysts for reducing air pollution in school buses. Atmos. Environ. 43, 5916-5922.
15. Zhang, Q.F., Zhu, Y.F., 2010. Measurements of ultrafine particles and other vehicular pollutants inside school buses in South Texas.  Atmos. Environ. 44, 253- 261.
16. Zhang, Q., Zhu, Y., 2011. Performance of School Bus Retrofit Systems; Ultrafine Particles and Other Vehicular Pollutants.  Environ. Sci.Technol. 45: 6475-6482.
17. Zhu, Y., Lee, E., 2015.  Application of a High Efficiency Filtration System for Air Pollution Exposure Reduction inside School Buses, Final report to South Coast Air Quality Management District, Grant no. A-0090914-0.